Slovenia

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Introduction - Slovenia:
Country	Slovenia
Background	The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latters dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed Yugoslavia, which though Communist, distanced itself from Moscows rule. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a strong economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenias transformation to a modern state. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004.
Location - Slovenia:
Location	Central Europe, eastern Alps bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Austria and Croatia
Geographic coordinates	46 07 N, 14 49 E
Map references	Europe
Area	total: 20,273 sq km land: 20,151 sq km water: 122 sq km
Area comparative	slightly smaller than New Jersey
Land boundaries	total: 1,382 km border countries: Austria 330 km, Croatia 670 km, Hungary 102 km, Italy 280 km
Coastline	46.6 km
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate	Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east
Terrain	a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to Italy and Austria, mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Triglav 2,864 m
Natural resources	lignite coal, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests
Land use	arable land: 8.53% permanent crops: 1.43% other: 90.04% (2005)
Irrigated land	30 sq km (2003)
Natural hazards	flooding and earthquakes
Environment current issues	Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain
Environment international agreements	party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography note	despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europes major transit routes
People - Slovenia:
Population	2,009,245 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure	0-14 years: 13.7% (male 141,670/female 133,720) 15-64 years: 70.3% (male 712,409/female 700,844) 65 years and over: 16% (male 124,264/female 196,338) (2007 est.)
Median age	total: 41 years male: 39.4 years female: 42.6 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate	-0.065% (2007 est.)
Birth rate	9 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate	10.41 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate	0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.059 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.017 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.633 male(s)/female total population: 0.949 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Infant mortality rate	total: 4.35 deaths/1,000 live births male: 4.93 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 76.53 years male: 72.84 years female: 80.47 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate	1.26 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Hiv aids adult prevalence rate	less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
Hiv aids people living with hiv aids	280 (2001 est.)
Hiv aids deaths	less than 100 (2003 est.)
Nationality	noun: Slovene(s) adjective: Slovenian
Ethnic groups	Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 census)
Religions	Catholic 57.8%, Muslim 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 0.9%, unaffiliated 3.5%, other or unspecified 23%, none 10.1% (2002 census)
Languages	Slovenian 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4% (2002 census)
Literacy	definition: NA total population: 99.7% male: 99.7% female: 99.6%
Government - Slovenia:
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of Slovenia conventional short form: Slovenia local long form: Republika Slovenija local short form: Slovenija former: Peoples Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia
Government type	parliamentary republic
Capital	name: Ljubljana geographic coordinates: 46 03 N, 14 31 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions	182 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 11 urban municipalities* (mestne obcine , singular - mestna obcina ) Ajdovscina, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica, Cankova, Celje*, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno, Cerkvenjak, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca, Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Horjul-Polhov Gradec, Dobrovnik-Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale, Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gornja Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina, Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos-Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola-Isola, Jesenice, Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Koper-Capodistria*, Kostel, Kozje, Kranj*, Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Krsko, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava-Lendva, Litija, Ljubljana*, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica, Majsperk, Maribor*, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Moravce, Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Murska Sobota*, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Nova Gorica*, Novo Mesto*, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran-Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka, Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Ptuj*, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na Koroskem, Razkrizje, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogasovci, Rogaska Slatina, Rogatec, Ruse, Salovci, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic, Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur pri Celju, Sevnica, Sezana, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Slovenj Gradec*, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smartno ob Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sostanj, Starse, Store, Sveta Ana, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij, Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic, Trzin, Turnisce, Velenje*, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej, Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica, Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica, Zuzemberk, Zrece note: there may be 45 more municipalities
Independence	25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)
National holiday	Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)
Constitution	adopted 23 December 1991
Legal system	based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if employed)
Executive branch	chief of state: President Janez DRNOVSEK (since 22 December 2002) head of government: Prime Minister Janez JANSA (since 9 November 2004) cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 10 November and 1 December 2002 (next to be held in the fall of 2007); following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually nominated to become prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly; election last held on 9 November 2004 (next National Assembly elections to be held in October 2008) election results: Janez DRNOVSEK elected president; percent of vote - Janez DRNOVSEK 56.5%, Barbara BREZIGAR 43.5%; Janez JANSA elected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 57 to 27
Legislative branch	bicameral Parliament consists of a National Assembly or Drzavni Zbor (90 seats; 40 members are directly elected and 50 are elected on a proportional basis; note - the number of directly elected and proportionally elected seats varies with each election; the constitution mandates 1 seat each for Slovenias Hungarian and Italian minorities; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the National Council or Drzavni Svet (40 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve five-year terms; note - this is primarily an advisory body with limited legislative powers; it may propose laws, ask to review any National Assembly decision, and call national referenda) elections: National Assembly - last held 3 October 2004 (next to be held in October 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - SDS 29.1%, LDS 22.8%, ZLSD 10.2%, NSi 9%, SLS 6.8%, SNS 6.3%, DeSUS 4.1%, other 11.7%; seats by party - SDS 29, LDS 23, ZLSD 10, NSi 9, SLS 7, SNS 6, DeSUS 4, Hungarian minority 1, Italian minority 1
Judicial branch	Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the Judicial Council); Constitutional Court (judges elected for nine-year terms by the National Assembly and nominated by the president)
Political parties and leaders	Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Jelko KACIN]; New Slovenia or NSi [Andrej BAJUK]; Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS [Janez JANSA]; Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS [Karl ERJAVEC]; Slovene National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC]; Slovene Peoples Party or SLS [Janez PODOBNIK]; Slovene Youth Party or SMS [Darko KRANJC]; Social Democrats or SD [Borut PAHOR] (formerly ZLSD)
Political pressure groups and leaders	NA
International organization participation	ACCT (observer), Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate partner), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the us	chief of mission: Ambassador Samuel ZBOGAR chancery: 1525 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 667-5363 FAX: [1] (202) 667-4563 consulate(s) general: Cleveland, New York
Diplomatic representation from the us	chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas B. ROBERTSON embassy: Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana mailing address: American Embassy Ljubljana, US Department of State, 7140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20521-7140 telephone: [386] (1) 200-5500 FAX: [386] (1) 200-5555
Flag description	three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, with the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenias highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries); the seal is in the upper hoist side of the flag centered in the white and blue bands
Economy - Slovenia:
Economy overview	With a GDP per capita substantially greater than the other transitioning economies of Central Europe, Slovenia is a model of economic success and stability for its neighbors from the former Yugoslavia. The country, which joined the EU in May 2004 and joined the eurozone on 1 January 2007, has excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and an excellent central location. Privatization of the economy proceeded at an accelerated pace in 2002-05. Despite lackluster economic performance in Europe in 2001-05, Slovenia maintained moderate growth. Structural reforms to improve the business environment have allowed for greater foreign participation in Slovenias economy and have helped to lower unemployment. In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank. Despite its economic success, Slovenia faces growing challenges. Much of the economy remains in state hands and foreign direct investment (FDI) in Slovenia is one of the lowest in the EU on a per capita basis. Although tax reforms were implemented in December 2006, taxes are still relatively high. The labor market is often seen as inflexible, and legacy industries are losing sales to more competitive firms in China, India, and elsewhere. The current center-right government, elected in October 2004, has pledged to accelerate privatization of a number of large state holdings and is interested in increasing FDI in Slovenia. In late 2005, the governments new Committee for Economic Reforms was elevated to cabinet-level status. The Committees program includes plans for lowering the tax burden, privatizing state-controlled firms, improving the flexibility of the labor market, and increasing the governments efficiency.
Gdp purchasing power parity	$47.01 billion (2006 est.)
Gdp official exchange rate	$37.92 billion (2006 est.)
Gdp real growth rate	5.2% (2006 est.)
Gdp per capita ppp	$23,400 (2006 est.)
Gdp composition by sector	agriculture: 2.3% industry: 34.1% services: 63.6% (2006 est.)
Labor force	1.026 million (2006 est.)
Labor force by occupation	agriculture: 4.8% industry: 39.1% services: 56.1% (2004)
Unemployment rate	9.6% (2006 est.)
Population below poverty line	12.9% (2004)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 21.4% (1998)
Distribution of family income gini index	28.4 (1998)
Inflation rate consumer prices	2.4% (2006 est.)
Investment gross fixed	25.6% of GDP (2006 est.)
Budget	revenues: $15.9 billion expenditures: $16.35 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.)
Public debt	29% of GDP (2006 est.)
Agriculture products	potatoes, hops, wheat, sugar beets, corn, grapes; cattle, sheep, poultry
Industries	ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools
Industrial production growth rate	5.6% (2006)
Electricity production	14.9 billion kWh (2006)
Electricity consumption	13.71 billion kWh (2006)
Electricity exports	4.8 billion kWh (2006)
Electricity imports	4.07 billion kWh (2006)
Oil production	8 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil consumption	53,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
Oil exports	NA bbl/day
Oil imports	NA bbl/day
Oil proved reserves	0 bbl
Natural gas production	0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas consumption	1.1 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas exports	0 cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas imports	1.1 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Current account balance	-$789.2 million (2006 est.)
Exports	$21.85 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Exports commodities	manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food
Exports partners	Germany 20.1%, Italy 13%, Croatia 9.1%, Austria 8.8%, France 6.5%, Russia 4.4% (2006)
Imports	$23.59 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)
Imports commodities	machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food
Imports partners	Germany 19.7%, Italy 18.1%, Austria 11.9%, France 6%, Croatia 4.7% (2006)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold	$8.631 billion (2006 est.)
Debt external	$29.09 billion (30 October 2006)
Economic aid recipient	ODA, $484 million (2004-06) note: in March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank
Currency code	euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 2007, the euro became Slovenias currency; both the tolar and the euro were in circulation from 1 January until 15 January 2007
Exchange rates	tolars per US dollar - 190.85 (2006), 192.71 (2005), 192.38 (2004), 207.11 (2003), 240.25 (2002) note: Slovenia adopted the euro as its currency on 1 January 2007
Communications - Slovenia:
Fiscal year	calendar year
Telephones main lines in use	837,500 (2006)
Telephones mobile cellular	1.82 million (2006)
Telephone system	general assessment: NA domestic: 100% digital (2000) international: country code - 386
Radio broadcast stations	AM 10, FM 230, shortwave 0 (2006)
Television broadcast stations	31 (2006)
Internet country code	.si
Internet hosts	61,735 (2006)
Internet users	1.251 million (2006)
Transportation - Slovenia:
Airports	14 (2006)
Airports with paved runways	total: 6 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Airports with unpaved runways	total: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 4 (2006)
Pipelines	gas 2,526 km; oil 11 km (2006)
Railways	total: 1,229 km standard gauge: 1,229 km 1.435-m gauge (504 km electrified) (2006)
Roadways	total: 38,451 km paved: 38,451 km (includes 483 km of expressways) (2004)
Merchant marine	registered in other countries: 26 (Antigua and Barbuda 6, Bahamas 1, Cyprus 4, Georgia 1, Liberia 2, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5, Singapore 1) (2006)
Ports and terminals	Koper
Military - Slovenia:
Military branches	Slovenian Army (includes air and naval forces)
Military service age and obligation	17 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2003 (2007)
Manpower available for military service	males age 17-49: 496,929 females age 17-49: 483,959 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service	males age 17-49: 405,593 females age 17-49: 397,167 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually	males age 18-49: 12,816 females age 17-49: 12,178 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures percent of gdp	1.7% (2005 est.)
Disputes international	the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains unratified and in dispute; Slovenia also protests Croatias 2003 claim to an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic; as a member state that forms part of the EUs external border, Slovenia must implement the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia