Bhutan

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Introduction - Bhutan:
Country	Bhutan


Background	In 1865, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding some border land to British India. Under British influence, a monarchy was set up in 1907; three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs and Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. This role was assumed by independent India after 1947. Two years later, a formal Indo-Bhutanese accord returned the areas of Bhutan annexed by the British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and defined Indias responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. A refugee issue of some 100,000 Bhutanese in Nepal remains unresolved; 90% of the refugees are housed in seven United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps. In March 2005, King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK unveiled the governments draft constitution - which would introduce major democratic reforms - and pledged to hold a national referendum for its approval. A referendum date has yet to be named, but should occur in 2008. In December 2006, the King abdicated the throne to his son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK, in order to give him experience as head of state before the democratic transition.


Location - Bhutan:
Location	Southern Asia, between China and India

Geographic coordinates	27 30 N, 90 30 E

Map references	Asia

Area	total: 47,000 sq km land: 47,000 sq km water: 0 sq km

Area comparative	about half the size of Indiana

Land boundaries	total: 1,075 km border countries: China 470 km, India 605 km

Coastline	0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims	none (landlocked)

Climate	varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas

Terrain	mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna

Elevation extremes	lowest point: Drangme Chhu 97 m highest point: Kula Kangri 7,553 m

Natural resources	timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbonate

Land use	arable land: 2.3% permanent crops: 0.43% other: 97.27% (2005)

Irrigated land	400 sq km (2003)

Natural hazards	violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the countrys name, which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season

Environment current issues	soil erosion; limited access to potable water

Environment international agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography note	landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes

People - Bhutan:
Population	2,327,849 note: the Factbook population estimate is inconsistent with the 2005 Bhutan census results; both data are being reviewed and when completed, the results will be posted on The World Factbook Web site (https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook) later this year (July 2007 est.)

Age structure	0-14 years: 38.6% (male 465,340/female 433,184) 15-64 years: 57.4% (male 688,428/female 647,134) 65 years and over: 4% (male 47,123/female 46,640) (2007 est.)

Median age	total: 20.5 years male: 20.4 years female: 20.7 years (2007 est.)

Population growth rate	2.082% (2007 est.)

Birth rate	33.28 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Death rate	12.46 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Net migration rate	0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.074 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.064 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female total population: 1.066 male(s)/female (2007 est.)

Infant mortality rate	total: 96.37 deaths/1,000 live births male: 94.09 deaths/1,000 live births female: 98.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)

Life expectancy at birth	total population: 55.17 years male: 55.38 years female: 54.96 years (2007 est.)

Total fertility rate	4.67 children born/woman (2007 est.)

Hiv aids adult prevalence rate	less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Hiv aids people living with hiv aids	less than 100 (1999 est.)

Hiv aids deaths	NA

Nationality	noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural) adjective: Bhutanese

Ethnic groups	Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%

Religions	Lamaistic Buddhist 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25%

Languages	Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects

Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 47% male: 60% female: 34% (2003 est.)

Government - Bhutan:
Country name	conventional long form: Kingdom of Bhutan conventional short form: Bhutan local long form: Druk Gyalkhap local short form: Druk Yul

Government type	absolute monarchy; special treaty relationship with India; note - transition to a constitutional monarchy is expected in 2008

Capital	name: Thimphu geographic coordinates: 27 29 N, 89 36 E time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions	20 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Daga, Gasa, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Tashi Yangtse, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang

Independence	8 August 1949 (from India)

National holiday	National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king), 17 December (1907)

Constitution	none; note - a draft constitution was unveiled in March 2005 and is expected to be adopted following the election of a new National Assembly in 2008

Legal system	based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage	each family has one vote in village-level elections

Executive branch	chief of state: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14 December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated the throne on 14 December 2006 and his son immediately succeeded him head of government: Prime Minister Kinzang DORJI (since August 2007) cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed, five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms in July 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the monarch with two-thirds vote; election of a new National Assembly is expected in 2008

Legislative branch	unicameral National Assembly or Tshogdu (150 seats; 105 members elected from village constituencies, 10 represent religious bodies, and 35 are designated by the monarch to represent government and other secular interests; to serve three-year terms) elections: first election to be held in 2008; note - local elections last held August 2005 (next to be held in 2008) election results: NA

Judicial branch	Supreme Court of Appeal (the monarch); High Court (judges appointed by the monarch)

Political parties and leaders	no legal parties

Political pressure groups and leaders	Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community; United Front for Democracy (exiled)

International organization participation	AsDB, BIMSTEC, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the us	none; note - the Permanent Mission to the UN for Bhutan has consular jurisdiction in the US; address: 2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone [1] (212) 826-1919; FAX [1] (212) 826-2998 consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the us	the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassy in New Delhi (India)

Flag description	divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side

Economy - Bhutan:
Economy overview	The economy, one of the worlds smallest and least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than 60% of the population. Agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with Indias through strong trade and monetary links and dependence on Indias financial assistance. The industrial sector is technologically backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutans hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are key resources. Model education, social, and environment programs are underway with support from multilateral development organizations. Each economic program takes into account the governments desire to protect the countrys environment and cultural traditions. For example, the government, in its cautious expansion of the tourist sector, encourages visits by upscale, environmentally conscientious tourists. Detailed controls and uncertain policies in areas such as industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment.

Gdp purchasing power parity	$3.503 billion (2006 est.)

Gdp official exchange rate	$840.5 million (2005 est.)

Gdp real growth rate	8.8% (2005 est.)

Gdp per capita ppp	$1,400 (2003 est.)

Gdp composition by sector	agriculture: 24.7% industry: 37.2% services: 38.1% (2005)

Labor force	NA note: major shortage of skilled labor

Labor force by occupation	agriculture: 63% industry: 6% services: 31% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate	2.5% (2004)

Population below poverty line	31.7% (2003)

Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate consumer prices	5.5% (2005 est.)

Budget	revenues: $272 million expenditures: $350 million; including capital expenditures of $NA note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of Bhutans budget expenditures (2005)

Public debt	81.4% of GDP (2004)

Agriculture products	rice, corn, root crops, citrus, foodgrains; dairy products, eggs

Industries	cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide, tourism

Industrial production growth rate	9.3% (1996 est.)

Electricity production	2.05 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity consumption	526.5 million kWh (2004)

Electricity exports	1.4 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity imports	20 million kWh (2004)

Oil production	0 bbl/day (2004)

Oil consumption	1,160 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil exports	NA bbl/day

Oil imports	NA bbl/day

Oil proved reserves	0 bbl

Natural gas production	0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas consumption	0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas proved reserves	0 cu m (1 January 2005 est.)

Exports	$186 million f.o.b. (2005)

Exports commodities	electricity (to India), cardamom, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, precious stones, spices

Exports partners	India 69.2%, Japan 9.1%, Germany 3.7% (2006)

Imports	$410 million c.i.f. (2005)

Imports commodities	fuel and lubricants, grain, aircraft, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics, rice

Imports partners	India 75.3%, Hong Kong 16.1%, Mexico 4.9% (2006)

Debt external	$593 million (2004)

Economic aid recipient	$78 million; note - substantial aid from India (2004)

Currency code	ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)

Exchange rates	ngultrum per US dollar - 45.279 (2006), 44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61 (2002) note: the ngultrum is pegged to the Indian rupee

Communications - Bhutan:
Fiscal year	1 July - 30 June

Telephones main lines in use	31,500 (2006)

Telephones mobile cellular	82,100 (2006)

Telephone system	general assessment: telecommunications facilities are poor domestic: very low teledensity; domestic service is very poor especially in rural areas; wireless service available since 2003 international: country code - 975; international telephone and telegraph service via landline and microwave relay through India; satellite earth station - 1 (2005)

Radio broadcast stations	AM 0, FM 9, shortwave 1 (2006)

Television broadcast stations	1 (2006)

Internet country code	.bt

Internet hosts	7,567 (2006)

Internet users	30,000 (2006)

Transportation - Bhutan:
Airports	2 (2006)

Airports with paved runways	total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2006)

Airports with unpaved runways	total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)

Roadways	total: 8,050 km paved: 4,991 km unpaved: 3,059 km (2003)

Military - Bhutan:
Military branches	Royal Bhutan Army: Royal Bodyguard, Royal Bhutan Police (2005)

Military service age and obligation	18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2001)

Manpower available for military service	males age 18-49: 483,860 females age 18-49: 453,683 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service	males age 18-49: 314,975 females age 18-49: 296,833 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually	males age 18-49: 23,939 females age 18-49: 21,979 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures percent of gdp	1% (2005 est.)